Life Cycle Analysis of the Fashion Industry

Life Cycle Analysis of the Fashion Industry BY caracal Industrial Ecology Practices in the Fashion Industry Introduction The industrial revolution in the sass brought a paradigm shift to the way earth interacted with the environment. The increased capability of producing and manufacturing on a large scale, the rise of multiple industries, growing require and proliferation of hedonistic employment patterns, has created a culture of surplus, want and waste. (Fallacy-Companion, 2012) From an environmental point of view, this resource hungry trend is unsustainable and has detrimental ecological impacts, such(prenominal) as pollution and climate change.These problems drive highlighted the consequence of our insatiable demand for resources and the inquire to rethink current practices and thoughts in order to maintain current living standards and ensure future growth. The ideas of environmental management, industrial ecology and ecological footprint be possessed of been proposed to al low for a meticulous look to the products that we manufacture and use, with emphasis on measuring the ecological impacts in hopes of reducing them.A multitude of tools claim since been created to measure qualification in hopes to highlight beas for improvement, of which the ISO standard and Life cycle estimation ar part of. Undoubtedly, many companies produce adopted life cycle analysis (LLC) in order to assess and reduce their products impact on the environment. The formulate exertion, at its core, is based on the notion of continual consumption of the new and the discard of the old, specially with new seasonal lines coming out every 3 months.The industry celebrates creativity with the continuous turnover of trends, leading to the premature product replacement and fashion obsolescence. This constant change has major negative environmental and social impacts, particularly on those at the bottom of the supply chain. Ellwood et al, 2006 Whether and Leastwise, 2008) Moreover, delicates production, often all over the world, is unremarkably practiced in line with the competitive advantages of different locales (such as low-cost labor, less blotto standards/regulations, strength in technology etc).Studies of Ellwood et al (2006), Madsen et al (2007) and Fletcher (2008) have highlighted issues of apparel waste as the majority of textile waste are not recycled or reuse but usually ends up in landfills. In this report, Nikkei Inc. And Levi Strauss & Co. Are chosen as case studies of the fashion industry for their efforts o apply LLC to their products. Life Cycle Assessment and IS014040 The International Organization for Standardization (SO) is an agreement that aims to promote worldwide standards for proprietary, industrial and commercial purposes. SO, 2013) The ISO 14000 series is a family of standards that related to environmental management, which aims to help organizations measure and minimize trading operations that will negatively impact the environ ment and comply with environmental regulations and audits required in the country of operation. For example, the ISO 14001 is integral to the European Unions CEO-Management and Audit Scheme (AMASS). AMASS, 2011) Before the development of the ISO 14000 series, closely organizations had to rely on internal environmental management agreements that made comparisons amid companies difficult.The ISO 14040 standard focuses on Life Cycle Assessment. LLC is a technique to assess environment impacts associated with all the stages of a products life from its raw tangible extraction to its processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair, recycle and disposal. It is believed to encompass a larger scope of environmental concerns as the compiled inventory of relevant energy and material in coiffes and environmental releases includes the attention impacts associated with the identified inputs and releases, which cease then be interpreted to help make informed decisions and build corporate e nvironmental strategies. EPA, 2013) The method is most often used for the pinpointing potential for process improvements by assessing environmental impacts associated with all stages of a products life. (Securing & Mueller, 2008) ISO 14040 standards shows how the LLC is to be carried out in four distinct phases as seen in Figure 1 before. Before any LLC can be carried out, an explicit goal and scope of the study, inclusive of technical details, has to be defined. This can then work as a reference to guide the subsequent work.The functional unit, system boundaries, assumptions and limitations as well as the impact categories are identified and set in this first phase. The life cycle inventory analysis will then carry on from phase single by creating an inventory of all flows (input and output) between the stages of a product system, inclusive of all activities in the relevant supply chain and gives a clear picture of the system boundaries. Only when this is complete can the life c ycle impact assessment be carried out.This is the most complex stage of the process as it aims to evaluate he significance of potential environmental impacts and think the input and output from the inventory. At the end of the assessment, the information gathered is evaluated and the assessment is objectively assessed before the identification of significant issues and problems, its evaluation and limitations are put forth. Figure 1 The 4 phases of LLC (http//en. Wisped. Org/wick/ FilePhasesOfLifeCycleAnalysis. Eng) Current Context and Trends Environmental Management has progressed significantly over the years with regulations becoming to a greater extent stringent and accountability expectations higher. Figure taken from Penmans (1999) report shows a simple evolution of environmental policies and their primary characteristics from the sass to present, whereby attitudes towards the environment have changes from merely managing the problem in the early days to one that is more acti vely involved in trying to prevent problems.Figure 2 Evolution of environmental management (Seaman, 1999) Within the industry and companies, Lamming Hampton (1996) stresses the need for companies to engage in environmental management as public pressure is and will continue to be a major factor. In their study, 75% of customers state that they would consider a Meanys environmental reputation when purchasing and 80% of those would be willing to pay a premium for an environmentally friendlier product.Although there are limitations to their study, in that the sentiment may only be shared by the European community of consumers, there is a trend whereby consumers are becoming more green conscious. Hawked et al (1999) in the book Natural Capitalism also calls for companies to embrace a new industrialism that will create profits and jobs while saving the environment, finished the creation of a closed-loop supply chain that will generate more value and profit. By aggressive recycling, ther e is the potential of reducing up to 90% of energy and materials consumption.Although individual organizations are recognizing the need and their responsibility to address environmental and sustainability issues, there remains a lack of systematic and coordinated effort across the board. At a larger and general scale, there has been an increase of government level interest and engagement to transition sustainability at the firm and facility level, to one that is more holistic and encompasses production sustainability throughout the value chain. Golden et al, 2011) President Obama issued Executive Order 13514 in 2009 that requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, obtain 50% diversion rates of solid waste, pursue opportunities with vendors to reduce greenhouse gas (GOGH) emissions, ensure procurement preferences for energy-efficient products, and reduce consumption of paper with low recycled content. overly the Securities Exchange Commission and the Federal Trade Commissio n are driving the use of sustainable product design and supply chains by the matter of directives and interpretive guidance. Golden et al, 2011) Since the fiasco of sweatshop labor in the sass, leading to public outcry and clash on the fashion industry, there has been unison of calls for greater accountability. (Whether and Leastwise, 2008 maladroit et al, 2012) Especially in an industry where the consumers are the largest stakeholders public opinion is crucial and highly influential. This helps the environmental cause when more consumers become green conscious and demand for a smaller ecological footprint. There is a need to cater to these consumers and for companies to set themselves apart from their competitors. Kumar & Amalgamate, 2006) Environmental consciousness has been worked into the corporate social responsibility (CAR) of many companies and increasingly, in the fashion industry, CEO-fashion is trying to capture a larger share of the mainstream market with fashionable an d environmental apparel. Regions, 2006) There is also the emergence of industry consortia such as the Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC), the Sustainability Consortium (TTS) and the Outdoor Industry Association (IA), all of which are multi-stakeholder organizations that are suited for establishing standardized metrics for regulation.Nikkei and Levies are both part of the SAC. Case study LEVI STRAUSS & CO. Company Background The company, Levi Strauss & Co. Was founded by its namesake, Levi Strauss onetime in the mid-sass. It started off as a dry goods wholesaler before collaboration between Levi and Jacob Davis, a tailor, in 1872 saw the filing for its patented rivet pants- the start of the denim company that it is known for today. Over the years, the company have grown tremendously and has expanded its brands carried.Its current brands include Levi, emailprotected, Signature by Levi Strauss & Co. And emailprotected The company has a vision to be the embodiment of the energy and eve nts of our times, inspiring bulk with a pioneering spirit (Levi, 2013) and is committed to a variety of issues in its public policy approach that includes read, worker rights, equality and the environment. Since the sass, with the rise of global environmental concerns and problems, Levies have been working on reducing the environmental impact of its products.This was done by complying with environmental regulations, implementing a Code of Conduct for its suppliers- ensuring a reduction of piss consumption and ending the use of harmful chemicals on its Restricted Substances List, switching to organic cotton when possible and increasing the amount of recycled materials in their end product. In 2007, as part of an attempt at a consolidated look at the companys environmental impact, a LLC was one on 2 products- a pair of Levi 5018 stonewashed Sears and the emailprotected pilot program khakis.This enabled the company to develop strategies that will address the greatest impacts on the environment to ensure longevity in the industry. (Levi, 2013) Levies introduced its waterless Sears in 2011 and its wasteless(prenominal) Sears in 2013. WasteLess Sears has a minimum of 20% post-consumer recycled content (from PET bottles) instead of cotton. Ferries, 2013) Levies Life Cycle Assessment Levies product lifestyle assessment focuses on a quantitative method that looks at ass and energy balance using direct and indirect info over the cradle to fret lifespan of the product.A disclaimer on their website states that this LLC does not include social or economic impacts. In the input/output inventory aspect of the LLC, indirect data of mass and energy inputs are taken from extensive industry-average data sets. Together with the system analysis of the lifestyle assessment, in accordance with ISO 14040 requirements, the data is then translated to calculate the environmental impacts of the system. Figure 3 below shows the 6 stage system analysis of the 5018 Sears taken from the Levies website, that starts from the cotton production till the end of life aft(prenominal) consumer use.Figure 3 LLC of a pair of Levies 501 Sears (http//alleviators. Com/sites/default/files/ liberationists/2012/4/ca-summary-2012-update. PDF) Phase 1 Goals and Scope Levies wanted their LLC to be done on a high wad product, produced for the U. S. Market during the 2006 production year. The Levi 5018, medium stonewashed Jean was chosen. The data compiled from Levi Strauss and Co. s suppliers is processed via Gab 4 software datasets, following the ISO 14040 series standards. The LLC was conducted by PEP Americas from Boston, MA.The results were mean for internal use and with the option to share selected data publicly after addition reviews. Phase 2 Inventory Analysis Figure 4 shows the system boundary of the Levies 501 Jean, from the different places where cotton is sources, the different production plants, distribution channels to its end. Figure 4 Levies 501 Jean System Boundary (Levi, 2013) Phase 3 tinct assessment After gathering information and data, Levies was able to measure the climate change, energy and water use of their best-selling Sears, with interesting results.A pair of original Levies has a global warming potential of 15 keg CA equivalent, consumes MAIM of energy in its production process and only has 1% of its ingredients that are recycled. (Gaskin, 2012) Figures 5-7 show a breakdown of the weight of different factors and their impacts. Unsurprisingly, the growth of cotton was the most water intensive stage in the LLC, with the usage of the Jean being the next highest. enjoyment however was by far, the biggest contributor of energy use and climate change.This is due to the long lifespan of the Jean (denim as a material can be quite hardy) and the instant wash cycles can add up significantly over time. Figure 5 Impacts on energy use (Levi, 2013) Figure 6 Impacts on water use (Levi, 2013) Figure 7 Impacts on climate change (Levi, 2013) Phase 4 Interpretation From the LLC, Levies realized that the majority of environmental impacts go in the lifestyle phases that are outside their direct control. Reducing the overall environmental impact requires a two-pronged approach of focusing on internal operations whilst engaging consumers.Internally, Levi started looking at cotton production at the farmers level, switching to organic cotton when possible and articulating in projects such as the Better cotton plant Initiative, as cotton growing is water intensive. They also reduced product packaging and tweaked product design and manufacturing to reduce their water and energy use- the water