Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay Example

Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay The above instance survey is foregrounding favoritism. This is the unequal intervention between persons and it is a negative action towards members of a certain group. The bases of favoritism include: civilization. disablement. age. societal category. gender. sexual orientation. wellness position. household position and cognitive ability. The prejudiced practise used in the instance of Jeta is predjudice. This is judging person and doing an premise without holding any solid grounds to back up the opinion. on the footing of their visual aspect or what group they belong to. Jeta is sing this as her instructor is doing a false premise about her thought that she is lazy and blue as her criterion of public presentation in school assesments is diminishing. There are many lending factors that can take to the predjudice that Jeta is sing. One of these factors is societal background. Jeta comes from a rough background. lives entirely with her female parent who is a individual parent and her male parent is in prison. Another factor taking to predjudice could be socialisation. This is when the media create humbling stereotypes about specific groups of people. The media assumes that if person is in prison. they are associated with bad behavior and are automatically given a negative feeling on. As Jeta is related to person in prison. the instructor is presuming that she’s every bit as bad and discriminates against her. The instructor is about blaming the male parent state of affairs on the hapless school work produced by Jeta. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another prejudiced practise that Jeta is sing is pigeonholing. Stereotyping is a widely held but fixed oversimplified image or thought of a certain type of individual. Pigeonholing can hold a demetrial consequence on the person involved. They involve generalisations about the most common features of members of the group. There are many factors which could propose why Jeta is being stereotyped. The first is societal classification. This is sorting people into groups based on common properties that persons portion. In relation to Jeta she is being stereotyped as lazy because the criterion of her school assesments are dropping. She is besides being stereotyped as naughty and this could be due to the societal facet that her male parents in prision significance she is being percieved as this blue kid. Another base for favoritism is age. Age favoritism occurs when person is treated below the belt due to their age without any given justification or logical thinking. The fact that the kid concerned in this survey is of rather a immature age of 9 old ages old means she is more vunerable to age favoritism and this normally occurs because the kid is seen to hold less societal power. Jeta is sing age favoritism because she is seen to hold less of an authoritive figure compared to her instructor. Children in todays society are more likely to confront favoritism due to their addiction on grownups and the determinations that are made for them. Children experience favoritism on other evidences including race. gender. societal category. wellness position. disablities and many more. Jeta is being stereotyped as this lazy character and due to her age. the instructor isn’t listening to her despite being told legion times by Jeta that she can non see the board from the dorsum of the schoolroom. Jeta’s age could be an index as to why she is being stereotyped as she is undistinguished compared to the instructor and has little or no power so her sentiments and positions are merely ignored. Another prejudiced practise that Jeta is confronting is inequality. This is where people are non treated the same because some persons have more power. authorization. money etc. Jeta is sing this as she is non being granted the same chances to instruction and rights to larn as everyone else in her category. Due to this inequality she could be left in a vunerable place as she could be at a hazard of falling behind in category and making even worse in appraisals than earlier. The chief base for favoritism is this instance survey is Jeta’s diability. She has haples s sight and this explains her low criterion of work in lessons. She is being discriminated for holding this disablement and this could ensue in her feeling vunerable and cause low ego regard. She is being segregated from the remainder of the category being sent to the dorsum of the schoolroom and this could strike hard her assurance. This is besides doing the state of affairs worse as Jeta will non be able to concentrate on the undertakings set in category as she can non see what is is being taught. Alternatively of supplying Jeta with the right extra acquisition support she requires. the instructor has placed her right at the dorsum of the category. segregated from her other schoolmates. The Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) makes it improper to know apart against person who has a disablement. This act is covered by most sectors including the instruction sector which means it should be covered in all schools and administrations. The DDA screens eyesight jobs so Jeta’s demands should be met. Initially. Jeta’s instructor is being improper as she isn’t seting to the DDA criterions to accommodate Jeta’s demands. If no alterations are made. Jet a’s seeing could deteriate and decline. Jeta presently has no spectacless or any signifier of equipment to assist imporve her seeing so being at the dorsum is non assisting the state of affairs in respect to Jeta.

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics; however, it has applications in several disciplines, including sociology and other social sciences. In the social sciences, chaos theory is the study of complex non-linear systems of social complexity. It is not about disorder but rather about very complicated systems of order. Nature, including some instances of social behavior and social systems, is highly complex, and the only prediction you can make is that it is unpredictable. Chaos theory looks at this unpredictability of nature and tries to make sense of it. Chaos theory aims to find the general order of social systems, and particularly social systems that are similar to each other. The assumption here is that the unpredictability in a system can be represented as overall behavior, which gives some amount of predictability, even when the system is unstable. Chaotic systems are not random systems. Chaotic systems have some kind of order, with an equation that determines overall behavior. The first chaos theorists discovered that complex systems often go through a kind of cycle, even though specific situations are rarely duplicated or repeated. For example, say there is a city of 10,000 people. In order to accommodate these people, a supermarket is built, two swimming pools are installed, a library is erected, and three churches go up. In this case, these accommodations please everybody and equilibrium is achieved. Then a company decides to open a factory on the outskirts of town, opening jobs for 10,000 more people. The town then expands to accommodate 20,000 people instead of 10,000. Another supermarket is added, as are two more swimming pools, another library, and three more churches. The equilibrium is thus maintained. Chaos theorists study this equilibrium, the factors that affect this type of cycle, and what happens (what the outcomes are) when the equilibrium is broken. Qualities of a Chaotic System A chaotic system has three simple defining features: Chaotic systems are deterministic. That is, they have some determining equation ruling their behavior.Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions. Even a very slight change in the starting point can lead to significant different outcomes.Chaotic systems are not random, nor disorderly. Truly random systems are not chaotic. Rather, chaos has a send of order and pattern. Concepts There are several key terms and concepts used in chaos theory: Butterfly effect (also called sensitivity to initial conditions): The idea that even the slightest change in the starting point can lead to greatly different results or outcomes.Attractor: Equilibrium within the system. It represents a state to which a system finally settles.Strange attractor: A dynamic kind of equilibrium which represents some kind of trajectory upon which a system runs from situation to situation without ever settling down. Applications in Real-Life Chaos theory, which emerged in the 1970s, has impacted several aspects of real-life in its short life thus far and continues to impact all sciences. For instance, it has helped answer previously unsolvable problems in quantum mechanics and cosmology. It has also revolutionized the understanding of heart arrhythmias and brain function. Toys and games have also developed from chaos research, such as the Sim line of computer games (SimLife, SimCity, SimAnt, etc.).

The Root Crop Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Root Crop Industry - Essay Example Statistics show that around half the world’s production of root crops is consumed as food. These statistics vary from one country to another. Our ancestors found the first root crops when they were still hunter gatherers, and history is witness to the fact that what these first cultivators found in the wild was what they first experimented with as cultivators. The earliest agricultural system in parts of Africa was based on root crops. Recent studies have shown that the ancient Mayan civilization grew crops such as sweet potato, yams and cassava; so too did some African tribes like the Bantu. Early civilizations in Asia, Africa and South America seem to have been the first to sow and harvest root crops that had previously been gathered in the wild. â€Å"A healthy diet is the cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle,† says Dr.Weil. Root vegetables have been described as â€Å"some of the most overlooked and underappreciated foodstuffs ......nutritional storehouses, hidden treasures worthy of notice† ( Dr. Weil, drweil.com, n.d.) A large proportion of the world’s food supply today consists of root crops that are also used as animal feed. Industrial products such as starch and distilled spirits as well as a wide range of other minor products also are made from root crops. Around half of the supply of root crops grown globally is used for human consumption. This utilization pattern varies from one country to another, with developing nations using a greater percentage of these crops for food, while the developed nations use a larger percentage for animal feed and industrial use. Agro climatic factors define where different root crops are produced. Potatoes seem to have first been cultivated in the Andes, but today are grown at lower altitudes and in warmer climates. Sweet potatoes too are grown in a wide variety of climates and altitudes, but yams are mostly grown in Africa. The fact that these root crops that were cultivated by our early ancestors survive as an

Art History from the Orientalizaing period to the Hellenistic Essay

Art History from the Orientalizaing period to the Hellenistic - Essay Example Nonetheless, the Greek sculptures were presented in nude form. The male sculptures created in this age illustrated no stress on the anatomy of the bone and muscle. This was clearly obvious by the lack of details around the joints, in the knees and also in the arms. Another central trait of the early Greek sculpture was the lack of movement natural stance in the figure. A perfect case in point of an Orientalizing period sculpture is the Kouros, one of the earliest life-size statuary in Greek art history (Palagia 109-111). Unlike contemporary sculptures, the slim waste of the Kouros and its pointed arch of its rib cage create a ridge that takes the form of a v shape. The Kouros does not portray the moving flesh linked with the human body muscle. Similar to other early Greek sculptures, the artwork has almost no motion depiction since the figures are usually standing straight and still. As time passed, the Greeks began to attain more skills and improved techniques permitting them to represent the human body in a better way. On the classical period era arrival, Greek sculptors now had the ability to make the figures more naturalistic. The nude male sculptures were now portrayed in a variety of diverse poses. In the classical period, sculptors devoted a significant part of their focus to exploiting the decorative potentialities of the wind-blown style of interpreting drapery. The Parthenon pediments sculptors had developed this drapery. The two most frequently used materials during the classical period were marble and bronze. However, various grandiose works mostly cult statues were ordered in a method that was known as chryselephantine. The flesh was overlaid with ivory upon a wooden frame and the drapery with gold. It was during this era that artists became acknowledged for their works (Green 6). For instance, Polyclitus, one of the most Greek sculpture influential theorists argued that a figure should possess ideal proportions. He also

Soviet and American cold war polices Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soviet and American cold war polices - Term Paper Example This cold war mindset of America began during the presidency of Truman in the 1940's and continued on well into the 1950's. Although the Truman administration already had a strong anti communism stance, his death allowed his vice president to implement even more stringent cold war policies against the perceived enemy, Russia1 The reason that these cold war policies between the two nations became such a serious matter for the international community is that both countries, armed with their nuclear weapons, were constantly threatening each other with the total destruction of their rival nation should they meet in actual combat. The Russian (collective name for the Soviet Union) policy under Stalin was clear as daylight. Russia would dominate and create subservient countries in Eastern Europe in order to prevent the spread of democracy and the American policies in their region. Russia fully utilized its occupation of certain European countries in order to actively recruit and assist in the spread of their ideology. By 1948, at least seven European countries had been established as communist governments with Russia implementing unequal trade agreements with other Eastern European countries, creating what then British Prime Minister Winston Churchill termed as the â€Å"Iron Curtain†.2 On the other hand, the United States and its allies did their best to implement their cold war policy of containment. This meant that the Russian communist ideologies would not be allowed to spread outside of Eastern Europe. This was to be achieved by preventing Russia from using the power and position it achieved during the world war in its quest to reshape the post war international order. 3 It is important to note that during the time that the U.S. cold war policy was being implemented, there were certain politician in America who actually opposed the policy that was beginning to take shape. One of the more notable opponents of the cold war policy was was the former vice pre sident to Franklin Delano Roosevelt named Henry Wallace. He took a stand against the U.S. policy of containment and was a very vocal advocate of the cause. According to Wallace, appearing before the Senate Armed Service Committee he took the opportunity to â€Å"criticize Truman's call for universal military training† 4 which would force all young American men of a certain age into military service. This was the beginning of the military draft era in American history. Wallace believed that Truman was instead trying to deliberately start a crisis by implementing a program that would lead to "death and taxes for the many and very handsome profits for the few."5 Rather, he advocated that the U.S. implement a foreign policy based upon the need for peaceful foreign policy among nations. One can imagine that due to the cold war policies

Orthopaedic Management Of Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

Orthopaedic Management Of Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay The condition of cerebral palsy refers to a varied group of permanent disorders of movement and posture caused by injury to the immature brain in utero, at birth or in the first years of life. These lesions are static not progressive and can be caused by a wide variety of factors such as intrauterine infections, trauma, neonatal stroke and genes, often in combination. Reflecting the varied aetiology and sites of injury cerebral palsy is often accompanied by neurological disturbances in cognition, behaviour, sensation and epilepsy. Most significantly from the orthopaedic perspective is that it leads to a progressive musculoskeletal pathology and abnormalities of muscle strength, tone and joint movement. These tend to be hidden at birth and are only revealed during the rapid growth of childhood as spasticity leads to abnormal posturing and thus secondary contractures and impaired torsional bone remodelling. Eventually this process leads to problems such as scoliosis, hip dislocation an d the development of fixed contractures.1 It is here that orthopaedic surgery can intervene by correcting fixed deformities leading to improved function and appearance. Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of referral to elective paediatric orthopaedic units.2 This essay will discuss the various surgical techniques that can be employed to tackle the musculoskeletal problems caused by cerebral palsy. Classification Cerebral palsy is classified based on the type of movement disorder present. The spastic form is the predominant type and can be divided into the subcategories of hemiplegic, diplegic or quadriplegic depending on topography. Appropriate management varies between these forms based on the level of functional outcome that can be expected; the most significant factor being whether the child is ambulant or not. It was the advent of gait analysis in the 1990s that revolutionised treatment of ambulatory cerebral palsy. Prior to this surgical intervention to improve gait was a matter of opinion, and often led to unexpected new problems which were even more intractable. The systematic empirical approach of gait analysis, however, enabled both more targeted and precise interventions and also critical evaluation of the outcomes of surgery.3 http://www.cpl.org.au/images/default-source/research/cp-body-map-graphics.jpg?sfvrsn=2 [Image 1: Distribution of symptoms in subtypes of cerebral palsy. Source: Cerebral Palsy League4] Modern gait analysis takes place in a specialised laboratory and includes a standardised physical exam, video recording, kinematic and kinetic measurements, electromyography, pedobarography and estimation of the energy consumption of walking.5 Age Generally speaking surgery for ambulant CP is not attempted until after the age of 7 by which time a mature gait pattern has developed. Between this age and the onset of the growth spurt in adolescence bone surgery is sometimes required in order to stabilise the bony levers of progression in the leg. These include femoral or tibial derotation osteotomies, intertrochanteric derotation of the femur and stabilisation of the subtalar complex.6 It is between the ages of 8 and the main adolescent growth spurt (12-13 in girls, 13-14 in boys) that soft tissue surgery is undertaken, the ideal timing remaining contentious.7 Increasing maturity and awareness allow for more complex surgeries that require strict compliance with rehabilitation programmes to succeed. Yet this must be balanced against the effects of the rapid growth of bone and muscle that may exacerbate and complicate deformity. Surgery for spastic diplegia Despite advances in the usage of botulinum toxin A, intrathecal baclofen and selective dorsal rhizotomy to reduce spasticity most children with cerebral palsy still develop progressive musculoskeletal deformities as they grow. These include fixed joint contractures and bony deformities collectively referred to as lever arm disease and which can only be treated effectively surgically.8 In the past a child with spastic CP typically presented with toe-walking and was managed by lengthening of the tendo Achillis. Although this procedure successfully levelled the foot it often led to a crouch gait as contractures of the knee and hip developed progressively in late childhood. Nowadays there is a strong consensus that the best approach is to gait correction is to address all deformities simultaneously in what is known as single-event multi-level surgery.9 Correcting fixed contractures is achieved by either fractional lengthening or muscle-tendon recession. Established procedures include tenotomy (lengthening) of the psoas muscle at the pelvic brim, rectus femoris transfer to semitendinosus or sartorius and fractional lengthening of the medial hamstrings. To correct bony torsional abnormalities necessitates rotational osteotomies. For femoral anteversion and concomitant hip internal rotation, femoral derotation osteotomy has proven to produce very effective and durable results.10 In order to correct a valgus foot deformity there are two options; a lengthening osteotomy of the os calcis or more commonly an extra-articular subtalar joint fusion utilizing an autogenous graft of bone from the iliac crest combined with a screw fixation .11 Spastic hemiplegia The most common joint deformities in the upper limb include internal rotation of the shoulder, elbow flexion, forearm pronation, wrist flexion and ulnar deviation, and swan-neck and thumb-in-palm deformities in the digits .12 Muscular injection with BTX-A can be useful in managing stiffness and increasing range of movement but is not effective at improving function.13 As with gait correction deformities in the upper limb are treated in a one-stage multilevel operation combining muscle releases and tendon transfers. The most common procedures are biceps aponeurosis and pronator teres release for pronation of the forearm, tendon transfers to extensor carpi radialis longus or brevis for ulnar deviation/wrist flexion (with first web z-plasty) and first dorsal interosseous and adductor muscle release with tendon transfer for thumb-in-palm.12 Patterns of gait in spastic hemiplegia have been classified comprehensively by Winters et al. and can be used to plan surgical management. In groups I and II the primary abnormality is drop foot due to equinus contracture which can be treated by lengthening of the gastrocsoleus muscle and appropriate orthosis. The situation is more complex, however in groups III and IV which require multilevel surgical intervention and gait analysis due to the involvement of proximal muscles leading to jump knee gait and in the case of group IV fixed hip flexion on top of equinovarus. These can be managed in the same way as soft tissue deformities in spastic diplegia by fractional lengthening or muscle-tendon recession.14 [Image 2: Saggital gait patterns in hemiplegia: classification and management. For each group: contractures shown in orange text, orthoses in green, surgical correction in red. Adapted from Winter et al.14] Tendon transfers to correct muscle imbalances are also employed in hemiplegia. This is most useful for equinovarus deformity, which is treated with split tendon transfer of the tibialis posterior (useful in the younger patient with more flexible deformity) or anterior combined with lengthening of the gastrocsoleus and tibialis posterior (better for older children with stiffer deformity).15, 16 Another possible problem in hemiplegia is limb shortening, presenting most commonly in the tibia and ranging from 1-3 cm. If necessary operative correction can be achieved by epiphysiodesis at the end of growth plates proximal to the knee at the appropriate age.7 Spastic Quadriplegia Surgical management of a child with spastic quadriplegia is particularly challenging owing to the presence of multiple co-morbidities such as epilepsy, osteopenia, respiratory disease and nutritional deficiencies. As such it requires the close co-operation of a multi-disciplinary team to manage possible complications as well as follow-up in terms of pain and intensive care. A variety of tests are important to help assess suitability for surgery. Lung function tests are used to evaluate the likely necessity of protracted assisted ventilation after the operation. Testing serum total protein and albumin levels is used to spot malnutrition associated with poor wound healing and infection. Detection of osteomalcia due to anti-epileptic medication is important and must be treated, and improving general nutritional state through supplementation is often desirable. Finally, identification of the degree of osteoporosis due to disuse is relevant in assessing the stability of any surgical fixat ion desired.7 Hip Management Hip displacement is rarest in spastic hemiplegia at 1%, uncommon in spastic hemiplegia at 5%, but much more common in spastic quadriplegia with an estimated incidence of 35-55%.17 If left untreated it may lead kyphotic sitting posture and pelvic obliquity increasing the risk of spinal deformity as well as chronic hip pain and increased difficulties in activities of daily living. In hemiplegia and diplegia the gait is so severely impacted that subluxation is identified early due to rapid orthopaedic referral. In quadriplegia, however, due to the higher visibility of issues such as seizures and feeding difficulties and the fact hip displacement is hidden in the early stages, it often can go undetected. Thus systematic radiographic screening is vital to detect it early with one study recommending commencing at 30 months and following up every 6 months thereafter.18 When abnormality is detected it is best to intervene early to try to prevent dislocation. The favoured soft tissue surgical approach is adductor and psoas tenotomies.19 If dislocation has already been established more drastic intervention is required with a single-stage open reduction of the hip, combined with a varus shortening derotation osteotomy of the proximal femur, which relieves pressure from the rim of the acetabulum stimulating growth and balancing the soft tissues by re-tensioning the hip abductors and relaxing the adductors, and a pelvic osteotomy to improve the shape and coverage of the acetabulum.20 Although this procedure offers the best long-term prognosis in terms of stability, further dislocations are not infrequent.21 Scoliosis Scoliosis in cerebral palsy can be non-structural secondary to femoral and pelvic muscular spasticity or structural secondary to contractures of the intrinsic spinal muscles. In non-ambulant patients it often extends to the sacrum and is associated with poor sitting posture, pelvic obliquity and hip dislocation. Prevention of these is thus vital to reducing the risk of distortion of the spine. Surgically the established management of severe scoliosis is instrumented posterior fusion along the length of the spine to the pelvis.6 Conclusion As surgical techniques for correcting deformities have proliferated and been refined in recent decades so the orthopaedic management of cerebral palsy has progressed from art to science. We are now in the pleasing position of having a tried and tested toolbox of procedures to deploy in the common musculoskeletal pathologies induced by diplegia, hemiplegia or quadriplegia. Yet a tool is only useful if it is used in the right place and so it is arguably the standardised assessment provided by gait analysis as well as improved understanding of the development of gait that has made the most difference by allowing clinicians to target interventions precisely temporally and anatomically to ensure the best outcomes. Although validated evaluations exist for the upper arm they have yet to reach the same level of reliability and universality as gait analysis, a desirable goal for future research. It is also important to remember that orthopaedic interventions can only ever ameliorate rather than solve the lifelong disabilities caused by cerebral palsy. For this reason it is vital that management first and foremost takes into account the desired outcomes of patients and carers including concerns such as cosmesis and independence. Likewise it is important to emphasise functional outcomes rather than abstract measures of deformity as these are in the end more important to patients.

Yes...There Is Too Much Sex :: essays papers

Yes...There Is Too Much Sex In today's media driven society, it's not unusual that teenagers spend more time in front of the television than they do in the classroom. So, needless to say, teens are seeing and learning a lot from television. The problem is, they are learning and seeing too early. And they are learning too much. What are teens learning you might ask? They are learning about sex, sex on the media. In the U.S. alone, children will see an average of 15,000 sexual images each year on television. Now, that normally may not be a problem, teens today are very mature for their age and can handle seeing those images. The problem is, the messages that are sent along with those sexual images. Messages about sex being so nonchalant and so not a big deal; that poses a problem. Saying that sex can only be romantic if it's spontaneous; also, three out of four teens say that television shows and movies make sex seem normal for teenagers to experience. With that, the amount of high school students that are having sexual intercourse has gone up to 60% since the 50% it was at in 1999. So the question again is†¦is there too much sex in the media? There are many shows that teens watch that show sexual images. The thing is, they don't show people using contraceptives of showing the consequences of their actions. The show "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" is a perfect example. The show will have the main character, Buffy having sex with her many partners that she has had. And never once worry about pregnancy or STD's. And with that, it shows that its cool to have sex and to be promiscuous and naà ¯ve about it. Now its not that "Buffy" is a bad show, they just don't show the scary sides of sex, they don't show real life. "FRIENDS" on NBC is another example. The show constantly shows the characters sleeping around and having a "good time" about it. Only within the past 2-3 seasons have they shown consequences for their actions. Rachel got pregnant after having a one-night stand with Ross. The difference between this show and reality is that Rachel is in her mid 30's and has a career and can afford to have a baby. Most high scholars aren't ready for that responsibility yet. And the fat that the message is put across that sex is fun, and that no responsibilities are needed to worry about.

Kite Runner Discussion Questions Essay

1. The novel begins with Amir’s memory of peering down an alley, looking for Hassan who is kite running for him. As Amir peers into the alley, he witnesses a tragedy. The novel ends with Amir kite running for Hassan’s son, Sohrab, as he begins a new life with Amir in America. Why do you think the author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes? Refer to the following passage: â€Å"Afghans like to say: Life goes on, unmindful of beginning, end†¦ crisis or catharsis, moving forward like a slow, dusty caravan of kochis [nomads]. † How is this significant to the framing of the novel? The author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes because I think that in the first chapter the readers can see that Amir is so guilt-stricken of not being able to help Hassan and merely witnessing and running from the tragedy. The ending however shows that Amir became the kite runner. Since a kite fighter is someone who is powerful and controlling aka selfish while a kite runner is being selfless. It symbolizes a circle, it did not end where it began but rather it was a â€Å"running† to a positive way, away from Sohrab physically but towards him emotionally. Finally he is running with freedom in his heart instead of fear. The passage â€Å"Afghans like to say: Life goes on, unmindful of beginning, end†¦ crisis or catharsis, moving forward like a slow, dusty caravan of kochis (nomads). † is significant because that’s how Afghans are. Despite being occupied by the Russians and ruled by the Talibans, life goes on. Even with so many sufferings, hardships and killings they continue to live their life. 2. The strong underlying force of this novel is the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Discuss their friendship. Why is Amir afraid to be Hassan’s true friend? Why does Amir constantly test Hassan’s loyalty? Why does he resent Hassan? After the kite running tournament, why does Amir no longer want to be Hassan’s friend? Amir and Hassan are like brothers, they were fed by the same breasts, they grew up in the same household and they would play like there’s no tomorrow. Amir is afraid to be Hassan’s true friend because Hassan is a Hazara, where they are looked down upon by other Afghans as the lowest kind of people in society. People might judge him especially the Pashtuns because Hassan is their servant and treated unequal. Amir constantly tests Hassan’s loyalty because he knows that Hassan would do anything for him and would even die for him. He describes Hassan as a loyal dog. Amir resents Hassan since Baba always gives so much attention to Hassan. Baba would never miss a birthday and even give Hassan gifts. After the kite running tournament, Amir no longer wants to be Hassan’s friend because he feels very guilty of what happened to Hassan. He feels that Hassan was the sacrifice he had to give in order to get Baba’s attention. 3. Early in Amir and Hassan’s friendship, they often visit a pomegranate tree where they spend hours reading and playing. â€Å"One summer day, I used one of Ali’s kitchen knives to carve our names on it: ‘Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul. ‘ Those words made it formal: the tree was ours. † In a letter to Amir later in the story, Hassan mentions that â€Å"the tree hasn’t borne fruit in years. † Discuss the significance of this tree. The pomegranate tree represents Amir and Hassan’s friendship. They would eat its fruits, sit on its branches and Amir would read Hassan stories as if they were the only two people on Earth. As if no one else was important. They carved their names on it symbolizing that they ruled all of Kabul. In the letter to Amir later in the story, Hassan mentions that â€Å"the tree hasn’t borne fruit in years† is very significant since it symbolizes their friendship. After the tragedy, Amir wouldn’t want to see Hassan because when he sees Hassan, he remembers what he did which was to run in fear and he did nothing about it. He feels all this guilt and because of his guilt, he decided to frame up Hassan in stealing his new watch. The tree hasn’t borne fruit in years because it is like their friendship, abandoned and forgotten. There were no longer those two boys who used to visit the tree. The tree died with their friendship. 4. We begin to understand early in the novel that Amir is constantly vying for Baba’s attention and often feels like an outsider in his father’s life, as seen in the following passage: â€Å"He’d close the door, leave me to wonder why it was always grown-ups time with him. I’d sit by the door, knees drawn to my chest. Sometimes I sat there for an hour, sometimes two, listening to their laughter, their chatter. † Discuss Amir’s relationship with Baba. Baba was usually aloof and cold when he was around Amir. Since Baba was interested in sports, he felt like Amir wasn’t his son because he was into writing and was weak. In a conversation with Rahim Khan Baba said that something was missing in Amir. He said that a boy who couldn’t stand up for himself would not stand up for anything. They don’t really have a good father and son relationship because Baba expected too much of Amir. It was that winning kite tournament that somehow bonded them together but after a while, it went back to being the â€Å"cold† treatment 5. After Amir wins the kite running tournament, his relationship with Baba undergoes significant change. However, while they form a bond of friendship, Amir is still unhappy. What causes this unhappiness and how has Baba contributed to Amir’s state of mind? Eventually, the relationship between the two returns to the way it was before the tournament, and Amir laments â€Å"we actually deceived ourselves into thinking that a toy made of tissue paper, glue, and bamboo could somehow close the chasm between us. † Discuss the significance of this passage. The unhappiness he felt was the guilt of not being able to help Hassan when he was raped. He felt emptier than ever. Before his birthday party, he asked Baba about changing their servants. He said that he grew up with Ali, forty years he’s been with his family Baba roared with anger. Baba even threatened to slap him if he brings it up ever again. The bond they had was only temporary and it was all because of the kite, a toy made of tissue paper, glue and bamboo. It was just a material thing, something that was also just temporary. And that was not enough to change relationships between people because relationships are built with emotions, with the heart. 6. As Amir remembers an Afghan celebration in which a sheep must be sacrificed, he talks about seeing the sheep’s eyes moments before its death. â€Å"I don’t know why I watch this yearly ritual in our backyard; my nightmares persist long after the bloodstains on the grass have faded. But I always watch, I watch because of that look of acceptance in the animal’s eyes. Absurdly, I imagine the animal understands. I imagine the animal sees that its imminent demise is for a higher purpose. † Why do you think Amir recalls this memory when he witnesses Hassan’s tragedy in the alleyway? Amir recollects the memory again toward the end of the novel when he sees Sohrab in the home of the Taliban. Discuss the image in the context of the novel. The image of the sheep being sacrificed and the look of acceptance symbolize Hassan. Hassan is a brave person but he accepts his fate. The â€Å"look of the lamb† is his loyalty to Amir. He is willing to sacrifice even rape just for Amir. He also sees that look from Sohrab when he was dancing and accepting that he will be doing that for the rest of his life. 7. America acts as a place for Amir to bury his memories and a place for Baba to mourn his. In America, there are â€Å"homes that made Baba’s house in Wazir Akbar Khan look like a servant’s hut. â€Å" What is ironic about this statement? What is the function of irony in this novel? The irony in the story is that Baba was very wealthy and influential in Kabul. A lot of people knew him because of his good works. However, in America he only works in a gas station and misses everything about his home. Baba and Amir’s going to America is Baba’s gift to Amir even if it means that he would suffer. He is terribly homesick in America. They live in an apartment in San Jose but in Kabul, Baba’s house was the most beautiful one in their district. The function of irony in this novel is that you could be the most influential, most powerful person one day and the next day you are just an ordinary person with nothing at all. 8. What is the significance of the irony in the first story that Amir writes? After hearing Amir’s story, Hassan asks, â€Å"Why did the man kill his wife? In fact, why did he ever have to feel sad to shed tears? Couldn’t he have just smelled an onion? † How is his reaction to the story a metaphor for Amir’s life? How does this story epitomize the difference in character between Hassan and Amir? The irony in the story is that the man killed his wife out of greed and after he has done this he becomes miserable. This story echoes Amir’s life because he did things out of greed. He wanted the attention of Baba and he was a little jealous of Hassan. Hassan has this perceptiveness, where he criticized Amir’s story. He was only an illiterate boy but was able to point out a major flaw in Amir’s story where he asks why the man killed his wife, couldn’t he have just smelled an onion to shed those tears. Hassan did not need to see the words on the page to know it was flawed. He did not need to look at the kite’s shadow to know where it was going. It is a metaphor in Amir’s life because he was the one with education. He was the one talented in reading and writing. Baba, in trying to redeem his own honor, raised a child who felt neglected and who acted out of fear. This was the metaphor in Amir’s life where he grew up with fear and cannot stand up for himself while Hassan was his complete opposite. 9. Why is Baba disappointed by Amir’s decision to become a writer? During their argument about his career path, Amir thinks to himself: â€Å"I would stand my ground, I decided. I didn’t want to sacrifice for Baba anymore. The last time I had done that, I had damned myself. † What has Amir sacrificed for Baba? How has Amir â€Å"damned himself†? Baba was disappointed by Amir’s decision to become a writer because he wanted Amir to be just like him. He wanted Amir to become a doctor or a lawyer wherein they treat those professionals of higher power. He didn’t want to sacrifice anymore. He was determined to become a writer, something he really wants to be. When he was younger, Amir wanted Baba’s attention so bad that he pretended to like the sport which Baba was interested in, soccer. Back then he pretended to listen to Baba’s remarks about the game and the players but in the end he did not enjoy it. Baba was only disappointed in him that Amir did not inherit his dad’s athletic side. 10. Compare and contrast the relationships of Soraya and Amir and their fathers. How have their upbringings contributed to these relationships? Even if Baba is cold to Amir I believe that he is a great father. Baba really loves Amir and is willing to do everything and anything for his son. Back in Kabul, he would give Amir anything he wanted. In America even if they didn’t have the money, Baba still gives Amir anything that he can give. Baba would sacrifice everything he had just for Amir. He even works hard in a gas station and wouldn’t take the coupons so that he will not degrade himself. General Taheri however is someone who gives importance to what others think. When Soraya ran away, he went there and threatened to kill the man and to kill himself if Soraya didn’t come home. His attitude is bad and treats his wife as dirt. He prefers to collect welfare than lowering himself to blue collar jobs. He just waits everyday to be called back to Afghanistan. Because of their strict Afghan upbringing, Both Soraya and Amir have been very honest to each other especially when Amir was ready to tell Soraya his story of betrayal. Also because of the lack of closeness they had with their fathers it had somehow made their relationship with each other stronger and closer. 11. Discuss how the ever-changing politics of Afghanistan affect each of the characters in the novel. Because of the ever-changing politics of Afghanistan all of the characters’ lives changed. None of them were safe, no matter what privileges they have or what they believe in, anyone could be killed. Amir and Baba’s life from being wealthy, they became average in America. Ali and Hassan’s life was always in danger because of the ethnic cleansing; they were the kind of people who were killed most of the time during those years of war. 12. On Amir’s trip back to Afghanistan, he stays at the home of his driver, Farid. Upon leaving he remarks: â€Å"Earlier that morning, when I was certain no one was looking, I did something I had done twenty-six years earlier: I planted a fistful of crumpled money under the mattress. † Why is this moment so important in Amir’s journey? That moment is so important in Amir’s life because he did it twenty-six years ago. He put the money under Hassan’s mattress in order to frame him up and maybe Baba would ask them to leave. It is significant because instead of plotting to ruin one’s life, he is trying to make sure that the three children do not starve. This is the part when he is trying to change things, doing the act of putting the money under the mattress again but with a different agenda. He is now doing this selfless act for others than for himself. 13. Throughout the story, Baba worries because Amir never stands up for himself. When does this change? Amir and Baba’s relationship started to get better after the kite running competition. And I believe It was also the start of Baba’s hope that maybe Amir could do stand for himself when the time comes. Amir made his father proud, beating all of his opponents, cutting all of the kites, and being the last kite flying on thin air. It was when the Baba’s intuition that maybe his son can do handle himself someday. 14. Amir’s confrontation with Assef in Wazir Akar Khan marks an important turning point in the novel. Why does the author have Amir, Assef, and Sohrab all come together in this way? What is this the significance of the scar that Amir develops as a result of the confrontation? Why is it important in Amir’s journey toward forgiveness and acceptance? Because the only way we could accept, forgive, and overcome any problem is to face the situation. The part where Amir, Assef and Sohrab come together in that part of the book because it is the echo of confrontation with Assef back when they were children. It’s like a continuation but instead of Hassan, Sohrab stands as his representative. This time, he has a second chance to do the right thing, a second chance where he chooses to save Sohrab from Assef. After his fight with Assef he develops a scar that looks like a harelip. It is significant because it is a suffering to match Hassan’s. He begins to reconcile their troubled history. This is important in Amir’s journey to forgiveness and acceptance because that scar represents the feeling of closeness to Hassan. When Assef beats him to death and he got the scar, it is healing Amir of his guilt. He is now in the process of forgiving himself. 15. While in the hospital in Peshawar, Amir has a dream in which he sees his father wrestling a bear: â€Å"They role over a patch of grass, man and beast†¦ they fall to the ground with a loud thud and Baba is sitting on the bear’s chest, his fingers digging in its snout. He looks up at me, and I see. He’s me. I am wrestling the bear. † Why is this dream so important at this point in the story? What does this dream finally help Amir realize? It was a somewhat a symbol that made Amir realize he’s been a good son to his father all the while. It was important because it made Amir stronger and was able to believe in himself after seeing himself as the wrestler—the wrestler whom he admired all his life, his Baba. He hasn’t realized how life had also been his tough opponent and yet he still continue to breathe. He realized, he also has his own strength. 16. Amir and Hassan have a favorite story. Does the story have the same meaning for both men? Why does Hassan name his son after one of the characters in the story? Their favorite story is Rostam and Sohrab where Rostam kills Sohrab without knowing that he is his son. The story doesn’t have the same meaning for both men. Hassan names his son after Sohrab because he is so intrigue by the story. The story where the father killed his son touched Hassan’s heart. It filled Hassan’s heart with such emotion that he decided to name his son with one of the character’s name. 17. Baba and Amir know that they are very different people. Often it disappoints both of them that Amir is not the son that Baba has hoped for. When Amir finds out that Baba has lied to him about Hassan, he realizes that â€Å"as it turned out, Baba and I were more alike than I’d never known. † How does this make Amir feel about his father? How is this both a negative and positive realization? When Amir learned about the truth he felt much betrayal. Amis felt very angry towards his father. He felt like they more alike than he’d ever known. Both betrayed people who would have given their lives for them. They betrayed the people who were the most loyal to them. Because of this he realized a lot of things. Amir should atone not just his sins but for Baba’s sins too. If he hadn’t been a coward, Ali and Hasaan wouldn’t have left and Baba would have brought them to America. He realized that there was a way to end the cycle of betrayal and lies and that was to save Sohrab, his nephew. 18. When Amir and Baba move to the States their relationship changes, and Amir begins to view his father as a more complex man. Discuss the changes in their relationship. Do you see the changes in Baba as tragic or positive? They grow closer out of necessity and having lost everything familiar, they cling to each other. When they moved, Baba shows more affection towards Amir. The changes in Baba were positive since he was able to re-connect with his son after a long time of coldness. Baba became the father who would do everything for his son. 19. Discuss the difference between Baba and Ali and between Amir and Hassan. Are Baba’s and Amir’s betrayals and similarities in their relationships of their servants (if you consider Baba’s act a betrayal) similar or different? Do you think that such betrayals are inevitable in the master/servant relationship, or do you feel that they are due to flaws in Baba’s and Amir’s characters, or are they the outcome of circumstances and characters? Baba devoted his life in doing works for the poor. He even devoted three years in building and funding an orphanage. He is also very firm and cold to his son, Amir. Ali in the other hand is crippled but affectionate. Ali is very close to Hassan and he taught him to be righteous and loyal. They are both determined to protect Baba and Amir. Baba’s and Amir’s betrayals and similarities in their relationship of their servants were similar. Ali is like a brother to Baba because when his parents died, Baba’s father took him as his own child. They grew up together and Ali has been with their family for forty years. Hassan also grew up with Amir. They fed from the same breasts and Hassan’s first word was â€Å"Amir†. Hassan is loyal and suffered just like Ali. They both kept secrets about Amir and Baba. Remaining silent about injustice is a way for them to show their loyalty. It is not inevitable in a master/servant relationship because I feel that they are due to Baba and Amir’s characters. Soraya had a servant who was illiterate but she taught her how to read, Amir chose differently, he lords his privileges and his education over Hassan. It is also the outcome of circumstances and characters because it is for the longing of Baba’s affection that Amir acts in fear. It is because of what society thinks and his status that’s why Baba kept his secret and did not tell Amir and Hassan the truth. 20. Who is Khaled Hosseini and how has his work in literature and in the world society of nations been critically received? Khaled Hosseini is the author of The Kite Runner. He was born on March 4, 1965 in Kabul. We can see that he has similarities with the protagonist of the story who is Amir. His father was a diplomat and his mother was a teacher of Farsi and history. They moved to the United States instead of returning to Afghanistan because chaos was everywhere. His family was some of the lucky ones to refuge to another country and not experience the sufferings and the killings. Khaled Hosseini published The Kite Runner in 2003 to critical acclaim. Parts of the novel are based on his childhood in Kabul neighborhood of Wazir Akbar Khan. While some events in the story echo those in his life, the novel is fictional. He felt ashamed, like he should have suffered more. He felt estranged from the devastation in Afghanistan, but his separation from his homeland and his â€Å"Western sensibility† combined in his fiction to bring America’s, and the worlds, attention to the faces of Afghanistan. Hosseini’s devotion to Afghanistan can be seen not only in his writing but also in his activism.. He has been a goodwill envoy to the United Nations Refugee Agency, UNHCR, since 2006, and his personal website contains links to many aid organizations that are helping Afghanistan. Interviewers describe Hosseini as a smart, handsome man with a calming air, and Time Magazine called him â€Å"almost certainly the most famous Afghan in the world. † Khaled Hosseini lives with his wife and two children in Northern California. 21. The kite flying tournament is an important event in a boy’s life in Afghanistan. Why is it significant and what does winning the kite flying tournament symbolize? How does this symbolism resonate with the novel’s title? The kite flying tournament is significant because like in Amir’s case, winning was the key to winning Baba’s heart. The tournament sets a circle of betrayal and redemption into motion. After Hassan gets raped while running his kite, Amir cannot separate kite fighting and running from his own betrayal and cowardice. In order to redeem himself of selfishness and cowardice, Amir must go from being merely a kite fighter (someone who seeks glory) to a kite runner (someone who genuinely does things for others). This symbolism resonates with the novel’s title in terms of Amir, being the fighter in the beginning to a runner in the end. 22. Discuss how the geographic location of Afghanistan has made it the crossroads of civilizations and conquering armies from ancient times up to the present. How do the results of those conquests affect the tribes in Afghanistan up to now? Afghanistan is located in central Asia, is made up of thirty-four provinces. It is bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Jajikstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Afghanistan has always been by war. It used to be a kingdom ruled by a king then it b ecame a republic through a coup then it was invaded by Russia. Lastly, the Taliban took control over it. Pashtun supremacists massacred Shiites Hazaras. After the September11, 2001 event, the United States attacked Afghanistan and defeated the Taliban. Until now Afghanistan is experiencing civil war. People are suffering and a lot take refuge in other countries. 23. Religious Fundamentalism of the Taliban is imbricated with racial or ethnic and class problems. How are these problems dramatized in the novel? The Taliban wanted to eliminate the Shiite and massacred the Hazara population in Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998. The Taliban would find the simplest things to be against the rules in order to kill some Hazara or anyone in Afghanistan.

Chicago Format (With Example)

Chicago Format (With Example) Chicago referencing style is one of the less popular styles in academia. Yet, it is still widely used by scholars researchers all over the world. The primary document explaining the rules standards of Chicago style is called The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition; it can be downloaded at the organizations website chicagomanualofstyle.org. The manual itself is also available for sale at online bookstores; however, you still can find a great deal of information about this style online. Note that no matter what type of referencing you have, our service can do the research and reference it according to your specifications. Over the years of successful operation, we have delivered thousands of papers and formatted them according to MLA, APA, Harvard Chicago styles depending on our customers requirements. ESSAY FORMAT Paper. Use standard white A4 paper (8.5 x11). Font. Use a legible font (like Times New Roman), size 12. Margins. Margins should be from 1 to 1.5 inches on all sides. Page numbering. The title page is not numbered. The next page after the title starts with 1 in the upper right-hand corner. Arabic numerals are used for page numbers; pages are numbered consecutively. Title Page Title Page Type the title of your paper in UPPER CASE. Place it one-third down from the top of the page (you will need to press Enter 7 times). Center your title. Hit Enter 8 times. Type your first name and last name. Press Enter Type the name of your class. Press Enter Type the current date. Here is a sample of an ideal title page, arranged according to Chicago Style. Spacing. Use double-space throughout your paper. Indentation. Every new paragraph should be indented - press TAB to indent your text. Citation. There are two main ways of citing your sources: footnote format endnote format. Some scholars call footnote format Chicago Style 16A, while endnote format is called Chicago Style 16B. Schematically, here is what the Chicago Style looks like. Footnotes/Endnotes or Author-Date system? How to Choose the Right Format? The short answer would be: refer to your assignment requirements. If you have no access to them or there is no specific requirement, use the following information to determine correct formatting. Footnote/ Endnote style is mostly preferred in such branches of science as literature, history, and arts. So, if it applies to you, choose that option. The author-date style is used in the social sciences, so if you study things like economics, history, law, linguistics, psychology, sociology, international relations, anthropology, communication, education, culture, and other socially-oriented disciplines, the endnote style is the right one for you. Footnote/Endnote Style Footnote/Endnote style requires the use of superscript numbers following the quote or the information taken from a given book/journal. Footnotes/Endnotes are numbered consecutively, and their listing on the bibliography page is not necessarily alphabetical – instead, they are numbered in order of appearance. Every superscript number must have corresponding information about the author the publication in the footnote section or the bibliography page. Footnotes VS Endnotes There is a significant difference between footnotes and endnotes. Footnotes include information about bibliography at the end of the page (at the footer), while the endnote style puts that information at the very end of your paper, in the bibliography section. This fact explains the origin of their names: footnotes come at the foot of the page, while endnotes are placed at its end. Author/Date Style This style is often called the bibliography style or Chicago Style 16B. It is very similar to APA or MLA style formatting in terms of the form. This style requires authors` citation according to the last name, including the year of publication in parentheses. The author style doesnt require numbering of your sources. In contrast, all of your books, journals, articles should be listed in alphabetical order on a separate page called bibliography or references. Every entry should start with a new line and have a hanging line protruding into the margin by 1 inch. If you need a paper written in Chicago style or any other specific format, is here to help you. Place your order now, and we will start working on it immediately.

Free Essays on Rachel Carson

Rachel Louise Carson was born on May 7, 1907 in the rural river town of Springdale, PA. She graduated from Pennsylvania College for Women, which is now known as Chatham College, in 1929 with a major of Marine Biology. She then studied at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory and later received her MA in Zoology from Johns Hopkins University in 1932. Carson was hired by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries to write radio scripts during the Depression and supplemented her income writing feature articles on natural history for the Baltimore Sun. She then began a fifteen-year career in the federal services as a scientist and editor in 1936. Working for the government, she then became Editor-in-Chief of all publications for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Lear). Carson wrote pamphlets on conservation and natural resources. She also edited scientific articles, but on free time, turned her government research into lyric prose, first as an article â€Å"Undersea† in 1937, and then a book, Under the Sea-Wind in 1941. She published her prize-winning study of the ocean, The Sea Around Us in 1952, which was followed in 1955 by The Edge of the Sea. She was devoted to writing, so she resigned from the government. During World War II, Rachel Carson changed her focuses. She wanted to warn the public about the long term misuse of chemical pesticides. She wrote a book in 1962 called Silent Spring in which she challenged the practices of agricultural scientists and government. It called for a change in the way humankind viewed the world. Because of this book, she was attacked by the chemical industry and some government and considered an alarmist. Through all this, she spoke out to remind the public that we are a vulnerable part of the natural world, and we are subject to the same damage as the rest of the ecosystem. Her testimony before Congress in 1963 called for new policies to protect human health and the environment. Rachel Lou... Free Essays on Rachel Carson Free Essays on Rachel Carson Rachel Louise Carson was born on May 7, 1907 in the rural river town of Springdale, PA. She graduated from Pennsylvania College for Women, which is now known as Chatham College, in 1929 with a major of Marine Biology. She then studied at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory and later received her MA in Zoology from Johns Hopkins University in 1932. Carson was hired by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries to write radio scripts during the Depression and supplemented her income writing feature articles on natural history for the Baltimore Sun. She then began a fifteen-year career in the federal services as a scientist and editor in 1936. Working for the government, she then became Editor-in-Chief of all publications for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Lear). Carson wrote pamphlets on conservation and natural resources. She also edited scientific articles, but on free time, turned her government research into lyric prose, first as an article â€Å"Undersea† in 1937, and then a book, Under the Sea-Wind in 1941. She published her prize-winning study of the ocean, The Sea Around Us in 1952, which was followed in 1955 by The Edge of the Sea. She was devoted to writing, so she resigned from the government. During World War II, Rachel Carson changed her focuses. She wanted to warn the public about the long term misuse of chemical pesticides. She wrote a book in 1962 called Silent Spring in which she challenged the practices of agricultural scientists and government. It called for a change in the way humankind viewed the world. Because of this book, she was attacked by the chemical industry and some government and considered an alarmist. Through all this, she spoke out to remind the public that we are a vulnerable part of the natural world, and we are subject to the same damage as the rest of the ecosystem. Her testimony before Congress in 1963 called for new policies to protect human health and the environment. Rachel Lou...

Water birth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Water birth - Research Paper Example re, improves the mother’s concentration, reduces stress hormones which inhibit oxytocin and the need for an epidural is reduced due to the increased release of hormonal endorphins which make contractions less painful. The perineum becomes more elastic, reducing tears, and the buoyancy created in the pool promotes more efficient contractions and allows greater freedom of movement. A study completed from March 2001 through April 2004 at a British birthing center evaluated a number of factors in a comparison study. The study aimed to differentiate between ‘pool users’ and ‘pool births,’ women who labored in the pool and those who actually remained in the pool to give birth. Factors evaluated included parity, deciding factors in laboring and delivery within the pool and the effectiveness of the warm water on pain relief. The study indicated that an equal amount of primigravidae and multigravidae women were interested in the pool and the outcome indicated that 89% of the women who used the pool received both verbal and written information from their midwives during their antenatal appointments and training classes. Pool births increased steadily from 2001-2003 while the number of pool users remained nearly the same. This suggests that the idea of being calm and relaxed appealed to birthing mothers who chose to remain in the pool during the actual birth. 98% insisted they would both recommend using the pool and would also use the pool again themselves. Reasons for leaving the pool were various and included slowing down contractions when immersion was completed too quickly. This prolonged labor and guidelines were then established to make sure that labor was in an active phase before entering the pool and the majority who decided not to remain the pool left once labor reached the transitional or second stage. Other main reasons for leaving the pool were a prolonged second stage of labor, fetal heart rate deceleration, meconium staining, poor contractions in

Consumer Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer Law - Essay Example Consumer protection law is a part of law that regulates personal law relationships between consumers and the firms that sell those products. Consumer protection policies are designed to guarantee fair competition and the free exchange of truthful information in the market arena. These laws are established to prevent businesses that take part in fraud or particular unfair practices from getting an advantage over their competitors and can too offer additional protection for the inferior and those incapable of taking care of themselves. Consumer Protection policies are a type of government directive that protects the welfare of consumers. For instance, a government might require businesses to unveil detailed information concerning products; mainly in areas where safety or health of the public is a concern, like food. Consumer safeguarding is associated to the thought of "consumer rights" as well as to the creation of consumer organizations that assist consumers put together healthier choices in the marketplace. Misleading and deceptive practices are the world over. And the plan is to make the consumers to pay more than they ought to for goods and services, or make them pay for items they don't need. Irrespective of if its misleading advertising, erroneous assumptions, or absolute lies, the outcome is alike: they may pay over what they ought to for what they should get. The interests of consumer can also be protected through enhancing competition in the marketplace that directly and indirectly offer good and services to consumers, steady with economic competence. Consumer protection may too be asserted through non-government organizations and persons as consumer activism. Consumer protection deals with a wide variety of issues, such as privacy rights, product liability, unjust business practices, deception, misrepresentation, and some other consumer/business interactions. These laws handle credit repair, debt repair, goods safety, service and sales deals, bill collector ruling, turnoffs, pricing, utility consolidation, personal loans which may guide to bankruptcy and much more. In Europe, some particular restrictions have been positioned on the standard of party autonomy. Such restrictions naturally apply in circumstances where there occurs a qualified extend of disparity between the parties in regards of their individual negotiating powers. A significant example of such a state of affairs occurs when a business sells products to a consumer and the consumer is deemed as being in an inferior position than the business. Therefore, the jurisdictional regulations in Europe require that the vendor can only take legal action against the consumer in the state where the consumer is dwelling; whereas the consumer can at all times sue the seller in the consumer's state of residence. The EU is dedicated to enhancing the quality of life of its residents. Additionally to direct action to defend their rights, the Union guarantees that consumer interests are put into the EU legislation in every relevant policy field. Because of the sole market and the sole currency open operation borders, as utilization of the internet and electronic commerce develops and as the service division grows, it is significant that the almost 500 million people