Black Male And Caucasian Police Officer Essay - 1489 Words

As for our last case another African American male and Caucasian police officer were involved. Black male Eric Garner was supposedly confronted for selling cigarettes on the street, one of the officers Daniel Pantaleo who had Eric in a chokehold which caused the death of him. This took place on July 17th, 2014 in Staten Island, New York City. Within the department I was surprised on female African American NYPD Sargent Kissy Adoni on how she did not intervene. As a result of Garner s death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD s training procedures, specifically focusing on the appropriate amount of force that can be used while detaining a suspect. According to CBS New York Bratton stated â€Å"we are not targeting communities of color, we are targeting behavior. Also that policing unfortunately, when force is used, it’s never good to look at.† As a compassionate individual, Bratton recognized that there was excessive force and the use of a chokehold was not authorized by the departments regulations. After looking prior to incidents chokeholds are prohibited in the New York City police department along with most departments but these officers still proceed. Both officers involved have been assigned to desk duty by orders of the commissioner. Commissioner Bratton plans to move forward with Internal Affairs investigation directed by our prosecutor. His leadership highly seen in regards to the case and department in ordering an extensiveShow MoreRelatedRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice. This essay will outline the main problems of racism that still occur in the community of African-Americans, particularly focusing on racial profiling, shooting of unarmed black citizens and different criminal justice that has been unfairly justified. Racial profiling is the practice of law enforcement officers targeting individuals for suspicion of criminal activity based on their race, colour, ethnicity or religion (National Institute of Justice, 2013). This is a crime prevention methodRead MoreRacial Inequality : Not Much Has Changed1403 Words   |  6 Pagesinvalid their judgements are. Specifically, African Americans have been discriminated by caucasians in America since it’s founding. It began by the enslaving of African Americans, and today, the discrimination and inequality is more hidden in society. Although America has made significant progress in overcoming racial inequality in the country, many African Americans are still being subject to hardships that Caucasian Americans do not face, especially in regards to the justice system. Over the yearsRead MoreGood Cop Bad Cop : Racial Profiling1277 Words   |  6 Pagesaction by law enforcement that the speaker or writer believed involved the improper use or consideration of race (Heumann, Milton, Cassak, Lance, 2003). In the book, White Privilege and Black Rights, there was a case where police officers got a call from a civilian who was walking by and saw a young African American male around the Recreation center on the phone while holding a gun, but the civilian stated that the gun was most likely fake. Timothy Lehman, a twenty-six-year-old rookie, corresponded toRead More85% More Times That Whites. They Are Only 14% Of The Drug1399 Words   |  6 Pagespace. Studies have shown that race plays a major factor in the severity of a punishment. For example Dylan Roof, a white male that slaughtered nine african american church attendees in cold blood in Charleston, South Carolina was apprehended and later taken to Burger King. While at the same Boston, Massachusetts African american male Usaamah Rahim was shot to death by police at a bus stop without having committed any crime. Organization groups like the Latino Muslim Association of America or theRead MoreThe s Fight For Equality1266 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Brown, who was African American, was walking down the middle of a busy street with a friend. Darren Wilson , a caucasian police officer, approached the two because of the traffic they were creating by walking in the middle of the road. They refused to comply with the officer s request, to which the officer once again asked the two to leave the road. Shortly after, Officer Wilson realized they were suspects in a robbery that had happened earlier that day. In response, Wilson attempted to restrainRead MoreThe Justice System Is Not Truly Provide Justice For All839 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to The Sentencing Project, one in three black males will go to prison at least once in their lifetime. One in six Latinos can expect to go to jail in their lifetime and one in seventeen white males will go to prison. Fairness and justice in the United States has not evolved since the 1930’s. Do you think fairness and justice in the United States has evolved after the Tr ayvon Martin case and Freddie Gray’s case? The American legal system does not truly provide justice for all. The firstRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Stereotypes794 Words   |  4 Pagesseems to appear with improbable frequency afterwards.This cognitive bias can play a role in how we let stereotypes grow. For example, to use events that have been appearing in the news recently, let’s say an African American male was just killed by a Caucasian police officer, once that event has imprinted itself in our memories, we think about it, and then slowly it disappears from our brains, but then the next month, the same thing happens. With all the times this event has played out but just withRead MoreJustice Is It Still Existent?1172 Words   |  5 Pagesjustice system. However, if justice exists, where is the justice when white cops shot unarmed black men because they â€Å"claim† their life was in immediate danger and get off scot free? Show me the justice when black fathers are being snatched away from their kids and being incarcerated for simple mistakes that they made. Why is it that people of color get harsher sentences for simpler crimes, yet if a Caucasian commits the same crime they get a slap on the wrist? Justice is not any of those. If justiceRead MoreEffects Of Racial Corruption In The Criminal Justice System1678 Words   |  7 Pagessystems. To begin, when it comes to officers pulling over victims, they pull over more black and Hispanic Americans than they do Caucasians. Police officers tend to pull over more blacks and Hispanics because they may assume that black and Hispanic Americans are in the wrong due to their race. Most of the time when a cop pulls over blacks or Hispanic victims, the officers searches their vehicle for drugs. However, if they were to pull over a white person, the officer most likely will not search the whiteRead MoreBlack Life Matter Vs. Black Lives Matter894 Words   |  4 Pagestoday is All Lives Matter vs. Black Lives Matter. The slogan â€Å"Black Lives Matter† came into use during the Martin vs. Zimmerman case, when Mr. Zimmerman was acquitted for the killing of Trayvon Martin, an African American teenager. After this case,there appeared to be a large amount of police brutality cases against African American, furthermore pushing activists to speak out against the racial profiling and racism. Even more recently, there have been suspected police brutality cases against African

Consolidated Rail Corp Analysis - 1579 Words

Acquisition of Consolidated Rail – Case Study 1. Background Info - Conrail 1.1. Formed from the remains of the six bankrupt North-eastern railroads in 1973 1.2. Earned its first profit in 1981- $39.2m on revenues of $4.2bn. Privatised through an IPO in 1987 1.3. Major player in North-eastern cities and their connection with major Mid-western hubs 1.4. In 1995, had 23,510 employees, operated 10,701 miles of track and controlled 29.4% of the eastern rail freight market 1.5. Financial indicators- 1995 1.5.1. Operating revenue - $3.7bn 1.5.2. Operating ratio – 79.9% 1.5.3. Revenues per employee - $156,784 1.5.4. P/E ratio – 12.9 2. Background Info – CSX 2.1. Virginia based diversified transportation company – intermodal services, ocean†¦show more content†¦5.4. The backend offer would not materialise until late 1997, therefore the effective offer could be even less. If the cost of capital is 16.45% (more later), then the 60% shareholders will get $4.712bn/1.1645 = $4.04bn which effectively translates to $81.67/share ($3.03bn+$4.04bn/90.5m shares) 6. Transaction multiples 6.1. Have only look at transactions that have been completed. 6.2. The peer group is selected based on: 6.2.1. Comparable business risk – all the companies face on average similar risks. There could be some differentiation due to some firms operating in different parts but that does not affect materially. 6.2.2. Growth – the railroad industry is a mature industry and the growth is anticipated to come through acquisitions and no technological breakthrough is expected. 6.2.3. Profitability – on average Conrail appears to be profitable than the comparables and Conrail is less levered as well. 6.3. The average multiples are as follows: 6.3.1. EV to EPS – 19.4x 6.3.2. EV to Book value – 4.6x 6.3.3. EV to Sales – 2.2x 6.3.4. EV to EBITDA – 11.3x 6.4. The multiples give a valuation range of $91.85 to $148.23. The EPS and Sales multiples are close to the industry average giving a range value very close to the offer price - $91.85-$95.09. The EPS and Book value are very much affected by the leverage structure and thus may be not a true representation. 6.5. On the current offer, CSX is offering lower than the counterparts have offered in theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Financial Position of Smrt and Sbs Transit, Singapore7885 Words   |  32 PagesTable of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. About the Company 2.1 Key People 2.2 Milestones 2.3 Business Structure 3. Company Analysis of SMRT Corporation Ltd. 4. Company Financial and Data Analysis 4.1. Profitability ratio 4.1.1 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 4.1.2. Operating Profit Margin 4.1.3. Profit Ratio 4.1.4. Return on Equity (ROE) Ratio 4.1.5. Return on Assets (ROA) Ratio 4.2. Liquidity Ratio 4. 2. 1. Current Ratio 4.2.2. 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Colonial Unity, Pre Revolution free essay sample

Most of the first settlers in America came from England and considered themselves to be Englishmen. At first they relied on their mother country for money, supplies and protection. As the colony became larger and more populous, people gradually started feeling as if they were a separate nation. By the eve of the Revolution, the colonists were beginning to think like Americans and be unified towards a common goal. America Just after the French and Indian war greatly lacked unity.Colonists saw hat if they wanted to succeed as a nation they had to come together and become one. Once England began to unfairly tax and restrict the colonies colonists began to show rebellion towards the crown. Americans began to make their own goods to sell within the country. This Just increased the unity in the colonies. Colonists were ready to protect their land from anyone who threatened their freedom. As America grew closer to the Revolution they progressively developed their own identities and culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Colonial Unity, Pre Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Albany Plan of Union, even though was never successful, it still introduced the idea of one unified state. The Albany Plan provided for a federal union of the mainland colonies under the British Crown. This unified government would have the power to make peace or war, and have financial and command responsibility. The plan never went far because most of the individual colonies wanted to keep their independence and were afraid of a strong central government. However it set an example and was a model for the idea of one unified state. British restrictions greatly angered the colonists. The imposed taxes and acts cause much resentment. The people were also very angry that they are being governed by a country so far away but still dont get represented. (Document B) Because of these restrictions and this anger, the colonists became more united. Document A is a piece of propaganda that says if the colonists dont unite then they will be completely controlled by the British and have no more freedom left. Document C is another example of the angry colonists. In the letter it calls the Parliament wicked. He favors complete dependence from Britain. Some colonists did not want independence and would rather be under British rule. They called these loyalists Tories and had the idea that if we ran our own country, there would be much worse things. They thought there would be tyranny and too much power would be given to an authority. Matter Bales said Which is better, to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or by three thousand tyrants one mile away. (Document D). People like Bales and other Tories were against unity and thought it would lead to greater problems. The Declaration for the causes of taking up arms was a very important step towards unity and eventually the Revolution. It said that they have the right to defend themselves from there enemies and have an armed force of some kind. However at the same time it says that the army is not for a rebellion at all and the colonies still remain loyal to Britain. (Document E) When the British Port was closed after the Boston Tea Party, many colonies donated goods for the relief of Boston. (Document G). This shows great unity of the colonies and shows how they can support each other.This also helped their sense of American identity because the colonies worked together for the sake of another colony. I think that the colonies sense of unity and identity was great by this time. This is especially true when you compare it to the time right after the French and Indian War when the colonists were proud to be British. We see a lot of this unity comes from the colonies having a common goal. The restrictions placed on the colonists only made this union greater. It was this idea of an identity as an American that led to the thought of rebellion and eventually the American Revolution.

Causes of the Mexican Revolution Essay Example For Students

Causes of the Mexican Revolution Essay History of the Americas The Economic, Social, and Political causes of The Mexican Revolution 1840-1910 The Mexican Revolution is one of the most significant historical events in Mexican history. Without the revolution Mexico would not be the democratic country that it is today. The Mexican Revolution is often seen as a standard bearer through which other subsequent Latin American revolutions are interpreted. (Darity) There were several significant events spanning several years that led up to the unrest of the Mexican people resulting in a revolution. For example, the Mexican-American War, nd The Reform War which was also a civil war really gave way to the people standing up for what they believed in and revolting. More people started to revolt under the rule of Porflrio Diaz. The Diaz government caused economic, social, and political issues, which helped fuel the revolution. During the years leading up to and including the Diaz regime the Mexican government was very unstable and corrupt, the economy didnt prosper, and the order was deteriorating as the people become more and more enraged with the government. It would not be fair to say that most of Mexicos problems started during the rule of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, because Mexico had many problems before Santa Annas rule. Santa Anna played an important role in the Mexican history, because during his rule is when the people started revolting. Also without him Benito Juarez would not have stepped up to become the great political figure that he was. Santa Anna was considered to be the most important political fgure during the years of 1821 to 1855. He was in many ways a quintessential caudillo, one of the regional military leaders who played such mportant roles in nineteenth-century Latin America. (World History in Context). The Mexican people started to become tired of Santa Annas rule when he did something that most Mexicans considered as betrayal, after the Spanish-American War Santa Anna sold the Mexican territories that are now Arizona and New Mexico to the United States for about $10 million dollars. This infuriated the Mexican people because they we were already upset from losing the Mexican-American War and felt that the Unites States did not deserve anymore of their land considering that they took half of it after the war. After Santa Anna sold the territories the people ousted him from power in 1855. Ultimately, though, his career was more a symptom of Mexicos deeper political, social, and economic problems than the cause of them. (World History in Context). Shortly after Santa Annas fall Ignacio Comonfort Stepped up and took over the presidency. During his presidency Comonfort established the Constitution of 1857 which really took a turn for Mexican Politics. Most of the Church and the military. They would let the military do whatever they wanted and allowed the church to be corrupt, caring more about money and power than God. Comonfort took more of a liberal stand which had not really been seen in the Mexican government, this turned the conservative party against Comonfort and his new constitution. He wanted more equality for the lower and middle classes; he wanted to restrict the Catholic Church as well as the military. The Liberals on the other hand were very happy, with the enactment of The Constitution of 1857 and Comonfort until he changed and tried to make the conservatives happy. The Constitution of 1857 called for indirect election of the president and Justices of the Supreme Court, but direct election for members of Congress; the electorate was expanded to include all adult males. Reflecting the puro Liberal agenda, the constitution repealed many of the legal rights that had traditionally been preserved for members of the church, military, and nobility. It upheld the Reform Laws that abolished separate court systems for the church and military. Finally, in keeping with liberal philosophy that advocated education as a way to build a strong nation, the constitution secularized education, removing it from church control. (Leonard) With he conservatives and liberals pinned against each other it was not long before the Reform War broke out. The Reform War was a civil war between the Mexican people, the conservatives vs. the liberals. With the unhappy reaction of the liberals chaos broke out and Comonfort resigned and Benito Juarez became president. Comonfort died in an ambush in 1863(Biography in context) With Juarez President the Reform War ended. Th e liberals considered this a political victory over the conservatives, having one of their own in office. Juarez would free Mexico from the most flagrant remnants of neocolonialism. Scholes) After the Liberals defeated the conservatives, President Juarez had more to worry about. Some European countries were very upset with Mexico and their unpaid debt with them. They sent troops to Mexico but, they all withdrew themselves when they saw that French dictator Napoleon was planning to overthrow Juarezs government. The overthrow of the Juarez government started the French Intervention in Mexico in 1862. With the help of the United states Juarez managed to gain back control, he became a hero in the eyes of most liberal Mexicans for not backing down and running out the French. Feasibility of Gumamela Leaf Extract as Antibiotic Sample EssayEd. Jay Kinsbruner and Erick D. Langer. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons, 2008. 730-733. World History In Context. Web. 30 July 2013 Mexican Constitution of 1857. In Thomas M. Leonard, ed. Encyclopedia of Latin America: Search for National Identity, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2010. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Watkins, Thayer. The Economic History of Mexico. The Economic History of Mexico. N. p. , n. d. web. 06 Aug. 2013. Ignacio Comonfort. Merriam Websters Biographical Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995. Biography In Context. Web. 6 Aug. Porfirio Diaz. Image. Library of Congress. Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. web. 6 Aug. 2013. Revolutions, Latin American. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 233-235. World History In Context. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. The Mexican Revolution 1910. : Mexico History. Gaceta Consular, 4 Feb. 2007. Web. 06 Aug. 2013. Scholes, Walter V. Bibliography: Benito Juarez (president of Mexico) : Additional Reading. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. Web. 06 Aug.

Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay Example

Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay The above instance survey is foregrounding favoritism. This is the unequal intervention between persons and it is a negative action towards members of a certain group. The bases of favoritism include: civilization. disablement. age. societal category. gender. sexual orientation. wellness position. household position and cognitive ability. The prejudiced practise used in the instance of Jeta is predjudice. This is judging person and doing an premise without holding any solid grounds to back up the opinion. on the footing of their visual aspect or what group they belong to. Jeta is sing this as her instructor is doing a false premise about her thought that she is lazy and blue as her criterion of public presentation in school assesments is diminishing. There are many lending factors that can take to the predjudice that Jeta is sing. One of these factors is societal background. Jeta comes from a rough background. lives entirely with her female parent who is a individual parent and her male parent is in prison. Another factor taking to predjudice could be socialisation. This is when the media create humbling stereotypes about specific groups of people. The media assumes that if person is in prison. they are associated with bad behavior and are automatically given a negative feeling on. As Jeta is related to person in prison. the instructor is presuming that she’s every bit as bad and discriminates against her. The instructor is about blaming the male parent state of affairs on the hapless school work produced by Jeta. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another prejudiced practise that Jeta is sing is pigeonholing. Stereotyping is a widely held but fixed oversimplified image or thought of a certain type of individual. Pigeonholing can hold a demetrial consequence on the person involved. They involve generalisations about the most common features of members of the group. There are many factors which could propose why Jeta is being stereotyped. The first is societal classification. This is sorting people into groups based on common properties that persons portion. In relation to Jeta she is being stereotyped as lazy because the criterion of her school assesments are dropping. She is besides being stereotyped as naughty and this could be due to the societal facet that her male parents in prision significance she is being percieved as this blue kid. Another base for favoritism is age. Age favoritism occurs when person is treated below the belt due to their age without any given justification or logical thinking. The fact that the kid concerned in this survey is of rather a immature age of 9 old ages old means she is more vunerable to age favoritism and this normally occurs because the kid is seen to hold less societal power. Jeta is sing age favoritism because she is seen to hold less of an authoritive figure compared to her instructor. Children in todays society are more likely to confront favoritism due to their addiction on grownups and the determinations that are made for them. Children experience favoritism on other evidences including race. gender. societal category. wellness position. disablities and many more. Jeta is being stereotyped as this lazy character and due to her age. the instructor isn’t listening to her despite being told legion times by Jeta that she can non see the board from the dorsum of the schoolroom. Jeta’s age could be an index as to why she is being stereotyped as she is undistinguished compared to the instructor and has little or no power so her sentiments and positions are merely ignored. Another prejudiced practise that Jeta is confronting is inequality. This is where people are non treated the same because some persons have more power. authorization. money etc. Jeta is sing this as she is non being granted the same chances to instruction and rights to larn as everyone else in her category. Due to this inequality she could be left in a vunerable place as she could be at a hazard of falling behind in category and making even worse in appraisals than earlier. The chief base for favoritism is this instance survey is Jeta’s diability. She has haples s sight and this explains her low criterion of work in lessons. She is being discriminated for holding this disablement and this could ensue in her feeling vunerable and cause low ego regard. She is being segregated from the remainder of the category being sent to the dorsum of the schoolroom and this could strike hard her assurance. This is besides doing the state of affairs worse as Jeta will non be able to concentrate on the undertakings set in category as she can non see what is is being taught. Alternatively of supplying Jeta with the right extra acquisition support she requires. the instructor has placed her right at the dorsum of the category. segregated from her other schoolmates. The Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) makes it improper to know apart against person who has a disablement. This act is covered by most sectors including the instruction sector which means it should be covered in all schools and administrations. The DDA screens eyesight jobs so Jeta’s demands should be met. Initially. Jeta’s instructor is being improper as she isn’t seting to the DDA criterions to accommodate Jeta’s demands. If no alterations are made. Jet a’s seeing could deteriate and decline. Jeta presently has no spectacless or any signifier of equipment to assist imporve her seeing so being at the dorsum is non assisting the state of affairs in respect to Jeta.

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics; however, it has applications in several disciplines, including sociology and other social sciences. In the social sciences, chaos theory is the study of complex non-linear systems of social complexity. It is not about disorder but rather about very complicated systems of order. Nature, including some instances of social behavior and social systems, is highly complex, and the only prediction you can make is that it is unpredictable. Chaos theory looks at this unpredictability of nature and tries to make sense of it. Chaos theory aims to find the general order of social systems, and particularly social systems that are similar to each other. The assumption here is that the unpredictability in a system can be represented as overall behavior, which gives some amount of predictability, even when the system is unstable. Chaotic systems are not random systems. Chaotic systems have some kind of order, with an equation that determines overall behavior. The first chaos theorists discovered that complex systems often go through a kind of cycle, even though specific situations are rarely duplicated or repeated. For example, say there is a city of 10,000 people. In order to accommodate these people, a supermarket is built, two swimming pools are installed, a library is erected, and three churches go up. In this case, these accommodations please everybody and equilibrium is achieved. Then a company decides to open a factory on the outskirts of town, opening jobs for 10,000 more people. The town then expands to accommodate 20,000 people instead of 10,000. Another supermarket is added, as are two more swimming pools, another library, and three more churches. The equilibrium is thus maintained. Chaos theorists study this equilibrium, the factors that affect this type of cycle, and what happens (what the outcomes are) when the equilibrium is broken. Qualities of a Chaotic System A chaotic system has three simple defining features: Chaotic systems are deterministic. That is, they have some determining equation ruling their behavior.Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions. Even a very slight change in the starting point can lead to significant different outcomes.Chaotic systems are not random, nor disorderly. Truly random systems are not chaotic. Rather, chaos has a send of order and pattern. Concepts There are several key terms and concepts used in chaos theory: Butterfly effect (also called sensitivity to initial conditions): The idea that even the slightest change in the starting point can lead to greatly different results or outcomes.Attractor: Equilibrium within the system. It represents a state to which a system finally settles.Strange attractor: A dynamic kind of equilibrium which represents some kind of trajectory upon which a system runs from situation to situation without ever settling down. Applications in Real-Life Chaos theory, which emerged in the 1970s, has impacted several aspects of real-life in its short life thus far and continues to impact all sciences. For instance, it has helped answer previously unsolvable problems in quantum mechanics and cosmology. It has also revolutionized the understanding of heart arrhythmias and brain function. Toys and games have also developed from chaos research, such as the Sim line of computer games (SimLife, SimCity, SimAnt, etc.).

The Root Crop Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Root Crop Industry - Essay Example Statistics show that around half the world’s production of root crops is consumed as food. These statistics vary from one country to another. Our ancestors found the first root crops when they were still hunter gatherers, and history is witness to the fact that what these first cultivators found in the wild was what they first experimented with as cultivators. The earliest agricultural system in parts of Africa was based on root crops. Recent studies have shown that the ancient Mayan civilization grew crops such as sweet potato, yams and cassava; so too did some African tribes like the Bantu. Early civilizations in Asia, Africa and South America seem to have been the first to sow and harvest root crops that had previously been gathered in the wild. â€Å"A healthy diet is the cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle,† says Dr.Weil. Root vegetables have been described as â€Å"some of the most overlooked and underappreciated foodstuffs ......nutritional storehouses, hidden treasures worthy of notice† ( Dr. Weil, drweil.com, n.d.) A large proportion of the world’s food supply today consists of root crops that are also used as animal feed. Industrial products such as starch and distilled spirits as well as a wide range of other minor products also are made from root crops. Around half of the supply of root crops grown globally is used for human consumption. This utilization pattern varies from one country to another, with developing nations using a greater percentage of these crops for food, while the developed nations use a larger percentage for animal feed and industrial use. Agro climatic factors define where different root crops are produced. Potatoes seem to have first been cultivated in the Andes, but today are grown at lower altitudes and in warmer climates. Sweet potatoes too are grown in a wide variety of climates and altitudes, but yams are mostly grown in Africa. The fact that these root crops that were cultivated by our early ancestors survive as an